Armistice Day in the Bay, 1936 edition

In honor of Veterans Day, which was Armistice Day from 1918 to 1954, here’s a short Warship Wednesday.

Remember, today isn’t about saving 20 percent on select bedding or a free buffet at the local hog trough.

Below we see, some 90 years ago today, on 11 November 1936, a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier and four battleships at anchor beside San Francisco’s Bay Bridge.

Official caption: “Navy’s Men ‘O War in Shadow of Bay Bridge. Infrared films penetrated a deep haze to catch this picture of five of Uncle Sam’s fighting ships at anchor in the shadow of the Oakland-San Francisco Bay Bridge, recently opened to traffic. The picture was taken on the San Francisco side of the great bridge.”

Acme News picture via the San Francisco Public Library, local identifier AAD-2295.

Pictured are the Lexington-class flattop USS Saratoga (CV-3), recognizable by the vertical stripe she carried on her huge 16-funneled stack between Fleet Problem IX in early 1929 and March 1941, when she picked up the first of three camo schemes she would carry during WWII, a simple Measure 1 Dark Gray (5-D) on vertical surfaces, with Light Gray (5-L).

In the foreground is a New York-class battleship, either NY herself or USS Texas, recognized by the distinctive tripodal mainmast, single funnel, and five twin 14-inch main gun turrets. As NY was off the East Coast at the time, this must be Texas.

The middle and background battlewagons are Colorado– (USS Colorado, Maryland, and West Virginia) or visually similar Tennessee– (Tennessee and California) class, as distinguished by their tripod or lattice cage masts and twin funnels.

A postcard of the above, from a slightly different vantage point, was published shortly after, with Sara and three BBs.

Stanley A. Piltz postcard of Saratoga and the newly opened San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, November 1936

Passing through the Bay that week, under the incomplete Golden Gate Bridge, included USS Arizona (BB-39), followed by USS Nevada (BB-36), Maryland (BB-46), and Texas (BB-35) at a minimum. They also had Sara, her sister Lexington, and the newly completed Ranger (CV-4).

Talk about a proper fleet!

Battleships of the U.S. Fleet entering San Francisco Bay, 10 November 1936. Note the unfinished Golden Gate Bridge. NH 63348

A total of 12 battleships were assigned to the Pacific Battle Force at this time, divided across four battleship divisions (BATDIVs):

Battleships Assigned to the Pacific (November 1936)

Division Battleships Main Battery
Battleship Division 1

USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)

 

USS Arizona (BB-39)

 

USS Nevada (BB-36)

14-inch guns
Battleship Division 2

USS Tennessee (BB-43)

 

USS California (BB-44)

 

USS Oklahoma (BB-37)

14-inch guns
Battleship Division 3

USS Idaho (BB-42)

 

USS Mississippi (BB-41)

 

USS New Mexico (BB-40)

14-inch guns
Battleship Division 4

USS Colorado (BB-45)

 

USS Maryland (BB-46)

 

USS West Virginia (BB-48)

16-inch guns

The First Indonesian Aircraft Carrier is Not Just a Trojan Flattop

The Italian Harrier carrier ITS Giuseppe Garibaldi (C 551) was built by Fincantieri in Monfalcone in the early 1980s and commissioned in September 1985.

At 14,150 tons and 591 feet overall, she could carry as many as 18 aircraft, a mix of Harriers and helos.

Italian Navy ITS Giuseppe Garibaldi (C-551) with nine AV-8B Harrier IIs and one Sea King on the flight deck carrier

During her 39-year-and-1-day career with the Italian fleet, she saw active combat with her AV-8B IIs thrice: Kosovo (1999, 30 sorties including warshot Mk 82 GBU-16 bombs and AGM-65 Maverick missiles), OEF Afghanistan (December 2001 to March 2002, 288 sorties) and Libya (2011, dropped 160 Mk82s across 1,221 flight hours).

Garibaldi was the Amphibious Task Force Commander Landing Force in Norway in 2024

Augmented in 2008 by the STOVL F-35B-capable ITS Cavour (CVH 550) and replaced by the 33,000-ton ITS Trieste (L 9890), she was decommissioned on 1 October 2024.

Given to Indonesia as a grant after two years in ordinary service, Garibaldi departed Taranto for Indonesia on the evening of 24 August 2026 under the Italian flag and arrived in Indonesia on 20 September, swapping flags four days later when she became KRI Sriwijaya (100), commissioned by TNI Commander General Agus Subiyanto in Tanjung Priok. Her voyage included 100 selected Indonesian Navy personnel and a training team of Italian specialists from DRASS, led by retired ADM Liborio Palmombella.

Sriwijaya’s escorts will be four Balaputradewa-class frigates, a licensed British Arrowhead Type 31 variant currently under construction by PT PAL, equipped with 64 VLS cells loaded with a mix of Turkish HISAR MR and SIPER LRs.

Operational

With a reduced 400-man crew (the Italians ran 550 plus embarked air group), she has been conducting rotor operations underway in the past couple of weeks with, first, AS565 MBe Panther ASW aircraft of Skadron Udara 100, then Bell 412EP medivac aircraft of Skadron Udara 400, and four big AS332 Super Pumas and H225Ms of Skadron Udara 8.

The exercise also covered several advanced flight techniques, including high-altitude reconnaissance (High Recce) and low-altitude reconnaissance (Low Recce), simulated approaches without touching the ship’s deck (Dummy Approach), brief landings followed by immediate takeoffs (Touch and Go), and full-stop landings (Full Stop).

Drone carrier use?

The Navy also plans to carry Turkish Bayraktar TB3 combat UAVs in the future (60 are on order), which are also planned for Turkey’s local flat-top, the LHD Anadolu. 

Speaking of Turkish drone tech, a Bayraktar TB2 last week did a proof-of-concept evolution carrying 16 Skydagger FPV one-way kamikaze drones underwing, and loosed two on a profile that led to successful attacks.

A Bayraktar TB2 medium-altitude long-endurance tactical UCAV configured as an airborne mothership carrying 16 Skydagger FPV kamikaze drones (eight under each wing) during a test in Keşan, Edirne, Türkiye.

Should we mention that the RN recently tested its first offensive drones from HMS Queen Elizabeth? 

Could Indonesia be the last Harrier operator?

The country’s CNO, Admiral TNI Muhammad Ali, also said there could be plans to add Harriers back to the carrier. Keep in mind that the Italians and Spaniards still operate the last pool and plan to retire them in just a few years.

“Yes, the hope is like that. If the Navy wants it to be like that. But it depends on the budget conditions and others,” Ali said when asked by reporters about the plan to target Harrier fighter aircraft for aircraft carriers at Tanjung Priok Port, North Jakarta, in September.

85 Years Ago: SAS Cleared Hot

Below, signed 10 November 1941, is the Eight Army order for Operation Squatter, the first SAS mission, which was to be executed on the 16th-18th November, with men drawn from “L” Section, 1 S.A.S. Bde.

Conceived by Lt. David Stirling, the 57-man raid began with a clandestine parachute drop via five twin-engined Bristol Bombay transports behind Axis lines to destroy German and Italian aircraft on the ground at forward airfields (Gazala and Timimi), in support of the planned British Operation Crusader offensive.

SAS volunteers jumping from steel gantries while undergoing parachute training at Kabrit, Egypt. 7 November 1941. Smith, Albert Norman Mitchell and Clements, Harold John K.P., No. 1 Army Film and Photo Section, Army Film and Photographic Unit. IWM (E 6390)

SAS volunteers emplane into an RAF Bristol Bombay transport aircraft prior to a practice jump while undergoing parachute training at Kabrit, Egypt. 7 November 1941. Smith, Albert Norman Mitchell and Clements, Harold John K.P. No. 1 Army Film and Photo Section, Army Film and Photographic Unit. IWM (E 6404)

While it sounds classic North Africa SAS, Squatter was an absolute failure, with one Bombay lost, killing 15 operators right off the bat, and the rest of the force scattered across intractable desert during a freak desert gale and rainstorm, their surviving explosives soaked and useless. Just 22 survivors managed to ex-fil on foot in some 36 hours to a rendezvous point with the LRDG, while everyone else was killed or captured.

Post-Squatter, the SAS took a cue from the LRDG and switched from paradrops to trucks and jeeps, which proved key later, such as in Paddy Mayne’s wildly successful Tamet Airfield Raid the next month and the 18-jeep Sidi Haneish Airfield Raid the following July, by which time the force had grown to some 400 men.

Colonel David Stirling, founder of the Special Air Service, with an SAS jeep patrol in North Africa, 18 January 1943. Keating, Geoffrey John, No. 1 Army Film and Photo Section, Army Film and Photographic Unit. IWM (E 21338)

The SAS was disbanded at the end of the war, but reformed as a Territorial unit in 1947—21st Battalion, Special Air Service Regiment (Artists Rifles)—and was formally added to the Army list as the 22nd SAS in 1952.

Based at Hereford since 1960, the Regiment’s boathouse color has gone on to live its own life.

Happy 251st, USMC

Washington, D.C. Six Marines with rifles and fixed bayonets at the Navy Yard. LC-DIG-cwpb-04148

For 251 years, Marines have stood ready to fight and win our Nation’s battles.

From the early days of the American Revolution to today’s engagements, the Marine Corps has served as a decisive naval and amphibious force, projecting power, defending our interests, and helping turn the tide in conflicts around the world. Across every clime and place, Marines remain ready to be the first to fight whenever and wherever our Nation needs them.

As America’s 9-1-1 force, the Marine Corps continues to set the standard for readiness, resolve, and warfighting excellence.

Semper Fidelis & Happy Birthday, Marines!

PD has Historic Great War Machine Gun Frozen in Limbo

A small town police department in Ohio has had a rare machine gun in its collection for years and wants to pass it on to a museum but can’t.

Sheffield Lake, Ohio (pop. 8,950) is about 35 miles west of Cleveland on the shores of Lake Erie. The town’s 12-officer police department has kept an old belt-fed machine gun in its basement since 1989.

Found during a welfare check, the circa 1918 Colt Vickers WWI aircraft machine gun was impounded because it was not legally registered with the ATF, and the agency has had it ever since.

The Colt Vickers in question. (Photo: Sheffield Lake PD)

And, while the department would be okay passing it on to a museum intact, that isn’t a thing right now.

Around 2022, SLPD contacted the ATF, which advised that it would have to be destroyed or demilitarized by cutting it, even if it were donated to a museum.

“Given its historical significance, that was not an option we were willing to pursue,” the SLPD noted.

Next they tried the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force in Dayton.

“Because it is a federal institution, we were hopeful there might be a lawful avenue to preserve and transfer the firearm intact. Unfortunately, those discussions ultimately did not result in a transfer,” said the department.

They are currently trying to find a home for it with the Smithsonian and hope it works out.

“We don’t want to destroy it or cut it apart. This firearm has survived intact since approximately 1918. Everything still appears to function, and the components appear to be original,” said the department. “And since the Sheffield Lake Police Department has no plans for an armed aircraft anytime soon, our goal isn’t to use it. Our goal is to preserve it.”

What is the Colt Vickers?

Developed by Hiram Maxim about 1904, the 33-pound Vickers gun (not counting the weight of the tripod and ammo) was put into production at Kent, England, that year and, by 1915, was in low-rate licensed production at Colt in the U.S. With a relatively slow (450-550 rpm) rate of fire, the water-cooled gun was steady and reliable, especially in sustained fire, and is still encountered in Third World service.

Vickers ground machine guns seen at Camp Hancock, Augusta, Georgia, with officers of the 28th U.S. Infantry Division in January 1918. With water and tripod, the Vickers tipped the scales at over 90 pounds. (Photo: U.S. Army 111-SC-002670 via National Archives.)

Some 12,125 Colt Vickers Model of 1915 ground machine guns were produced, chambered in .30-06 Springfield, with 2,888 later converted into 28-pound forward-firing aircraft machine guns.

The conversion modified the water-filled cooling jacket with air-cooling slots and synchronized it to fire through the propeller without hitting it. One such Colt Vickers is seen here at the Fort Rucker Army Aviation Museum. (Photo: Chris Eger/Guns.com)

Two such guns were mounted under a hump on the forward fuselage of the Snoopy-famous Sopwith Camel, one of the era’s best fighter aircraft, seen here at the Fort Rucker Army Aviation Museum. (Photo: Chris Eger/Guns.com)

Used extensively by British and allied forces in the Great War, the Vickers was one of several aerial guns in service with American forces by 1918, but was all but extinct by WWII.

A close-up view of several types of machine guns used in the Great War by the US Army: an air-cut Vickers, an aviation Marlin-Rockwell M1895-18, and a Browning LMG. U.S. Army Ordnance Department photo, circa 1918, via the National Archives.

Still, it is nice to see that one of these historic guns, trapped in limbo, is at least treading water and is, for now, safe from the torch. Perhaps a future federal machine gun amnesty or further NFA reform could allow it to find a forever home, intact.

A whiff of gunpowder in the Poconos

While passing through the Pocono Mountains in Pennsylvania recently on an industry trip, I recalled a fierce battle fought some 110 years ago.

During the late summer of 1916, the “blue” gentlemen volunteers of the Yale Battery, after spending weeks learning their trade while school was out, drilling by day and attending military science classes until 9:30 p.m. each night, put their 3-inch guns to work, defending their ground around the Tobyhanna Artillery Range (now Army Depot) against a “red” foe.

As noted by the NYT

An invading force, which was making a drive through the Pocono Mountains to capture the military stores on the Government reservation at Tobyhanna, was scattered this morning by the artillery fire of Battery B, one of the crack batteries of Yale men who have been taught in six weeks of seventeen-hour days to handle three-inch guns, find ranges and fire accurately on targets hidden from the gunners.

First stood up in 1915 as Europe burned at war, the all-volunteer Yale Battery robbed the school’s football and baseball teams of some of its best prospects, whose free time was spent thinking about battle. Eventually, some 500 undergrads donned uniforms and studied field artillery.

Among their military science professors were U.S. Army regulars, Captains Robert Melville Danford (USMA 1904) and Sherman Miles (USMA ’05), the latter the son of Gen. Nelson A. Miles of Plains Wars fame and grandson of William Tecumseh Sherman. Importantly, Miles served from 1912 to 1914 as a military attaché in the Balkans, observing the combat there against the Ottomans; then, during the Great War served as a military observer in Russia until 1916.

By early 1916, the Yale men formed four batteries, A, B, C, and D, in the Connecticut National Guard’s 10th Field Artillery Regiment, with Danford as a NG Colonel and Miles as a NG Lt. Colonel. They had a set of M1895 Mountain guns for campus drill hall use back at New Haven and 3-inch M1902 field pieces (later donated French 75s) while away at camp.

165-WW-124F-037

Yale Battery at Tobyhanna, Pennsylvania. 1917. The 10th Regiment, F.A., Connecticut, N.G., had four batteries made up of Yale men—A, B, C, and D. They were in camp from July to September 1917. 165-WW-124F-021

Yale University. Battery of American Mountain guns on the firing platform of Artillery Hall, manned by a group of Yale R.O.T.C. members. New Haven, Connecticut. 1917. 165-WW-124F-032

By late 1917, the French ambassador presented them with four actual battle-used French 75s, and the school augmented them with four fake “quaker” guns and caissons for drill purposes. By that time, the school was one of the first ROTC units in the country, with Danford in command.

165-WW-124F-001

By the fall of 1917, only one Letterman remained on campus, the sporting interest almost exclusively being on the Batteries.

Approximately 9,500 to 10,000 Yale students, faculty, and alumni served in the Great War, with 227 students dying in the conflict.

NARA’s catalog includes a tremendous number of images of the Yale Battery.

Today, Yale has separate Army, Navy (Bulldog Battalion), and Air Force (Detachment 009) ROTC programs, but fewer than 100 students are enrolled across all three combined. For what it is worth, the campus only rejoined ROTC in 2012, after disbanding its units in 1972 during the protests over the Vietnam War.

As for the Battery’s instructors, after the Great War, Danford continued to serve in high-profile assignments, including Commandant of Cadets at West Point, and was Chief of Field Artillery as a major general during World War II. He passed in 1974, aged 95. Miles served in France during the Meuse–Argonne Offensive, spent much of the interwar years as an attaché and (controversially) in MID, then served in WWII as a major general over the First Service Command in Boston. He died in 1966 at age 83.

Burke Repair! Get Your (Overseas) Burke Repair!

NORFOLK, Va. (May 16, 2026) – Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Mahan (DDG 72) returns to Naval Station Norfolk, May 16, 2026, following a historic 11-month deployment to U.S. 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 6th Fleets as part of the Gerald R. Ford Carrier Strike Group. During their historic deployment across four fleets, the crew of Mahan conducted 19 replenishments-at-sea and executed 25 sea and anchor details. (U.S. Navy photo by Chief Mass Communication Specialist David Smalls, III)

The U.S. Navy has 75 active Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers, 10 under construction, and 13 more on order, for a planned total of 99. Without a doubt, they are the backbone of the Fleet, which only has about 115 active surface combatants of all types (DDG, LCS, CG).

However, on the current 36-month OFRP block, each of these active ships needs to undergo a 6-8 month Selected Restricted Availability (SRA/DSRA), including a dry-docking every five years or so, and shorter 2-4 weeks-long Continuous Maintenance Availabilities (CMAV).

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 36-Month OFRP Cycle Rotation │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
│
├── 1. Maintenance Phase (Approx. 6–7 Months)
│ • Selected Restricted Availability (SRA)
│ • Drydocking Selected Restricted Availability (DSRA)
│
├── 2. Basic Training Phase (Approx. 4–5 Months)
│ • Systems integration, unit-level certifications
│
├── 3. Integrated Phase (Approx. 2–3 Months)
│ • Strike Group integration exercises (COMPTUEX)
│
├── 4. Deployment Phase (7–8 Months standard)
│ • Overseas combatant command deployment
│
└── 5. Sustainment Phase (Remaining months)
• High-readiness surge state; routine pierside repairs (CMAVs)

Then, with old ships at mid-life, an 18-24 month DDG MOD 2.0 Modernization is on the table, followed by at least a final SLEP at the 30-year mark. Keep in mind that Burke herself is 35 years old and still going strong. 

It looks something like this when you put it together:

Timeline / Ship Age Maintenance Milestone Primary Focus & Scope
Years 5–10 First Major DSRA Structural hull inspection, tank preservation, shaft pulling, sonar dome maintenance, and Baseline Aegis software/hardware upgrades.
Years 15–20 Mid-Life Mid-Period Availability (MPA) Major machinery overhaul, generator refurbishments, habitability upgrades, and combat system patch updates.
Years 20–25 DDG MOD 2.0 / Modernization Overhaul Comprehensive mid-life modernization lasting 18 to 24 months. Includes structural retrofits, installing modern combat systems (e.g., Aegis Baseline 9/10), SEWIP Block III electronic warfare suites, upgraded SPY radar arrays, and major hull/mechanical refreshes.
Years 30–35+ Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) Deep structural hull/piping repairs, main reduction gear re-alignments, and system overhauls to extend operational readiness beyond the original 35-year design life out to 40+ years.

Now multiply that by 75 hulls (soon to be 99), and you get the idea of why the Navy has maintenance backlogs.

While only two shipyards make Burkes (Ingalls at Pascagoula and Bath in Maine), just three East Coast yards (BAE Systems Norfolk, General Dynamics NNS, and BAE Systems Jacksonville), and four West Coast yards (General Dynamics NASSCO, BAE Systems San Diego, Continental Maritime of San Diego, and Vigor in Seattle) do almost all the maintenance work.

The Navy’s four public yards prioritize nuclear ships (CVNs, SSBNs, SSGNs, and SSNs) and have no bandwidth for DDGs.

Forward-deployed tin cans get a shorter refresh at Navantia (five Rota-based FDNF Europe destroyers in 6th Fleet) and via SRF-JRMC (10 7th Fleet DDGs of DESRON 15 at Japanese yards such as Sumitomo and Mitsubishi). Don’t be surprised to see 7th Fleet tin cans in South Korean yards at some point in the near future as well.

With that being said, there are changes afoot to help alleviate the maintenance burden on CONUS yards.

Navantia recently started including drydocking in its maintenance schedule, the first since the 2014 arrival of FDNF-E destroyers.

Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Arleigh Burke (DDG 51) sits in dry dock at Navantia Shipyard in Cadiz Oct. 8, 2026. The evolution marks the first dry docking of a U.S. Navy warship in the U.S. 6th Fleet area of operations since the arrival of Forward Deployed Naval Forces-Europe destroyers and expands forward-deployed maintenance capability and readiness generation. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jett Morgan)

Likewise, the Forward Deployed Regional Maintenance Center (FDRMC) recently completed a week-long pier-side voyage repair period in Mombasa, Kenya, aboard the destroyer USS Ross (DDG 71), marking the first U.S. Navy ship maintenance availability in Mombasa in recent years. Ross is part of the George H.W. Bush Carrier Strike Group and had been deployed for six months when it swung by Mombasa.

A rough Ross arriving in Mombasa, 5 September 2026. 260905-N-NO901-1002

A more trim Ross leaving Mombasa, 10 September 2026. 260910-O-N0901-1001

With 350 military and civilian personnel based out of Naples, FDRMC is a globe-trotting group able to roam around 5th and 6th Fleet areas and use friendly ports for short repairs. Such groups will be invaluable in any Pacific war (or continued Middle East war with Bahrain vorboten), and more should be stood up. Pronto.

Speaking of which, Austal USA launched AFDM 15 this summer, the U.S. Navy’s first Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock Medium built in more than 40 years. The dock can service DDGs, CGs, LCSs, & LSDs, etc.

The Navy had 14 such AFDMs during the Cold War, but now AFDM-15 is the only one, with no more on order.

As Salamander says, that is a crime, and at least four should be bought, as a minimum.

The one-of-a-kind Beretta SO10 Kronos: Art that reimagines time

Beretta is celebrating its 500th anniversary, and this unique piece is amazing.

I give you the SO10 Kronos.

The presser:

Gardone Val Trompia, October 2026 – Beretta and the Italian timepiece maker La Vallée proudly unveil the SO10 Kronos, one of the most groundbreaking one-off creations conceived to celebrate Beretta’s 500th anniversary.

A masterpiece of mechanical engineering, the SO10 Kronos celebrates the passage of time by bringing the artistry of haute horlogerie into the heart of Beretta’s most exclusive shotgun.

The result of years of co-development between La Vallée and Beretta, this one-of-a-kind creation features unprecedented side plates with sapphire-crystal openings that reveal the SO10 action’s intricate inner workings, re-engineered with a newly developed opening system and elevated by refined, watchmaking-inspired finishes.

Carlo Gussalli Beretta, PB Selection Business Development Manager of Fabbrica d’Armi Pietro Beretta S.p.A., has declared: “Gunmaking and watchmaking art share many common elements – the craftsmanship, the mechanical precision, the zero-tolerance approach in every detail, and the strive for innovation even in the smallest component. Among the one-off creations celebrating Beretta’s 500th anniversary, SO10 Kronos stands as the most emblematic piece. Not only for its rarity, but for its meaning: time — the true protagonist of this milestone.”

Massimiliano Quintavalle, CEO of La Vallée, explains the purpose behind SO10 Kronos:

”SO10 Kronos brings together two distinct family-owned Italian traditions that share a common spirit of innovation and an uncompromising respect for craftsmanship. The SO10 Kronos project began from a shared desire to explore what could be achieved when highly specialized mechanical disciplines come together around a single exceptional object. Horology is an art of mechanical thinking. It is an ongoing discovery of how components interact, how structures can be conceived differently, and how engineering and craftsmanship can transform the experience of an object. SO10 Kronos provided an opportunity to apply that thinking in a new context. The result is a singular creation in which each craft remains recognizable while contributing to a common expression of Italian mechanical culture.”

To achieve the extraordinary refinement of SO10 Kronos without compromising structural integrity, we reimagined each side plate as a single monobloc element, meticulously machined from solid high-strength alloy steel. At its heart, a gold trilobe spring secures the mechanism’s pins, replacing conventional screws with an elastic retaining solution inspired by precision watchmaking and capable of withstanding even the most severe shocks. A newly conceived opening mechanism allows both side plates to open effortlessly with a simple twist of the curved safety catch integrated into the crystal, providing an unobstructed view of the meticulously finished components.

The side-plate architecture was designed to integrate a shaped sapphire crystal, revealing the intricate beauty of the action beneath while maintaining the structural characteristics required by the firearm. An innovative mounting system, inspired by traditional gold inlay techniques in fine gunmaking, secures the sapphire crystal. A dedicated groove was machined around the sapphire recess. Gold is then hand-hammered into the groove, acting as a semi-rigid retaining interface that secures the sapphire while allowing the assembly to accommodate the mechanical stresses generated during operation.

Luciano Sasso, Head of R&D at La Vallée, shares the approach that brought the project to life: ”For La Vallée, the project became an opportunity to apply the same principles that govern horological creations: questioning established solutions, engineering every component with purpose, and pursuing an uncompromising level of execution down to the smallest detail. However, the significance of SO10 Kronos lies not only in the individual technical solutions. The finishing received the same attention as the mechanisms of La Vallée’s own horological creations. Hand-defined edges, individually prepared surfaces, and meticulously controlled transitions between finishes achieve an exceptional level of execution. Every surface is adorned with authentic horological finishes, from Geneva stripes to polished bevels, from gold-plated sleeve bearings to delicate straight and radial graining, reflecting the meticulous refinement reserved for the finest timepieces.”

While reimagined as a masterpiece of mechanical art, the SO10 Kronos remains rooted in the uncompromising engineering that defines every SO10. Beneath its refined aesthetics lies a vault-strong architecture designed to withstand the test of time and be passed down from one generation to the next. Its machined receiver, free of castings or welds, a rear longitudinal locking bolt aligned with the hinge pins, two additional locking lugs in the lower receiver, and the renowned trapezoidal barrel locking shoulders work together to deliver the exceptional strength, durability, and longevity that have become hallmarks of the SO10 tradition.

Roberto Savassi, Over and Under Design Manager for Beretta, explained: “If you want to open a glass window on a shotgun, the SO10 is the one: it is an engineering masterpiece itself. But the SO10 mechanism is also the most complex to approach, realize, and revise from both an engineering and a manufacturing standpoint. The millimetric precision needed to create a perfectly functioning shooting mechanism on the detachable sideplates creates a fragile balance when you need to redesign the components with something completely new. We worked closely with La Vallée to transfer some of their timepieces’ technical features and finishing to the Beretta SO10, and we also dared to introduce, for example, completely new lever geometries for disassembly.  And I have to say, this passed all Beretta most difficult tests.”

To balance the visual impact of the remarkable open-worked mechanism, the SO10 Kronos receiver features a refined English-style gold-inlaid border engraving that frames the action with timeless elegance and proportion.  Discreet yet meaningful details elevate the design throughout, from the gold-inlaid 500 Years emblem on the bottom of the receiver to the intricate scroll engravings adorning the locking shoulders, top lever, and safety catch. Faithful to the Beretta SO10 tradition, the shotgun features Grade 5 walnut stock, enhanced by 80 meticulously hand-applied coats of Tru-Oil® to achieve extraordinary depth, luminosity, and tactile richness.

Completing the masterpiece is a bespoke black leather case inspired by the same open-worked philosophy. At its center, a transparent glass panel reveals the shotgun even when the case is closed, transforming it into a display piece. Inside, a classic French-fitted layout in black microfiber, enriched with refined details and elegant accessories, enhances the overall sense of exclusivity while naturally drawing attention to the shotgun’s extraordinary side plates.

About Beretta

Founded in 1526 in Gardone Val Trompia (Italy) by the Beretta Family, who have led the company for 15 generations, Fabbrica d’Armi Pietro Beretta S.p.A. is an international manufacturer of commercial firearms, military weapons, and products for outdoor sports such as hunting, competition, and tactical shooting. Beretta operates worldwide to support enthusiasts, defense, and law enforcement officers, providing them with a complete ecosystem (firearms, clothing, accessories, and services) and featuring the most modern technologies, assembly lines, quality control, and local highly qualified workers, who hand down the Italian tradition of gunsmithing since the Renaissance. All this represents an irreplaceable asset to achieve the degree of accuracy and quality that made Beretta a world-renowned brand.

With more than 50 global subsidiaries, Beretta Holding Group is a world-renowned leader with a distinguished reputation in hunting, sports shooting, and defense & law enforcement, thanks to its wide selection of premium products.

Szabadsag at 70

A young Hungarian girl, Erika Kornélia Szeles, emerges from a building housing resistance fighters in Budapest, carrying a Mauser, November 1956. Note the knocked-out Soviet ISU-152 heavy self-propelled gun casually in the background. Photo by Danish journalist Vagn Hansen. 

After 11 years under a generally disliked Soviet occupation, a series of quiet events led to a full-blown rebellion in Budapest, with ripples across Hungary, in late October-early November 1956, remembered today in the country as the 1956 Revolution (1956-os forradalom).

At the time, the Soviets only had a two-division Special Corps in the country, along with forward elements of three other divisions, about 20,000-30,000 men depending on the season and the regular annual arrival and departure of conscripts.

In typical Russian style, the pushback was handled poorly and sparked a heavy, armor-led response against the Hungarian populace. The engagements were sharp, with the Soviet Operation Whirlwind (Operation Vikhr) deploying as many as 12 fresh divisions from the Carpathian and Kyiv Military Districts in the USSR, as well as units moved in from neighboring Romania, with upwards of 2,000 tanks and armored vehicles.

By comparison, the Hungarian People’s Army (Magyar Néphadsereg) had approximately 120,000 troops organized into 9 active ground divisions and supporting air components. While its officer corps, with dual command held by Red commissars (known in Hungarian as politikai tiszt, or political officers), was largely paralyzed, many Hungarian troops joined the rebellion, bringing small arms with them.

The cry of “Szabadság” (freedom, liberty) and “Ruszkik, haza!” (“Russians, go home!”) was a common refrain. The Hungarians had fought the Russians in 1812, 1848-49, 1914-18, and 1941-45, the latter including a brutal 50-day Red Army siege of Budapest that killed some 38,000 of its residents, so you can see the historic enmity.

Over the first week of November, the Soviets lost at least 699 killed, 51 missing (or deserted), and 1,980 wounded in Hungary, according to Russian military historian General G. F. Krivosheev.

These losses came primarily in the 8th and 9th districts around the Corvin Passage (Corvin köz) and Móricz Zsigmond körtér along with the Kilian Barracks, where Hungarian freedom fighters used anti-tank tactics and Molotov cocktails in narrow streets to good effect.

Additionally, defecting Hungarian Army units–specifically Colonel Pál Maléter and men of the 1st Hungarian Armored Division–brought formal military anti-tank guns and 76mm field artillery into the city defense. They were joined by members of the irregular National Guards (Nemzetőrség), many of whom had fought the Soviets on the Eastern Front just a decade earlier.

Although the figures are all over the place and the Russians never officially owned up to them, photos from the battle show somewhere around 50 tanks (primarily WWII-era T-34-85s, along with several newer T-54s and a small number of IS-3 heavies) and 60 APCs (mainly BTR-40 and BTR-150), augmented by a few SPGs (ISU-152s and SU-76Ms), destroyed or abandoned to the rebels, with several hundred others damaged.

For NATO intelligence, the appearance of the AKM carbine, BTRs, and T-54s was of keen interest, although there were few assets on the ground to exploit them.

For many in the West, images of destroyed Russian armor were a joy to behold.

The butcher’s bill paid by the rebels was high, with some 3,000 Hungarians killed and over 20,000 wounded. When the smoke cleared, something like 35,000 were arrested and at least 229 executed– including the good Colonel Pál Maléter. Another 1,000 Hungarians were deported to labor camps in the USSR.

Over 200,000 Hungarians (almost 2 percent of the total population) fled the country as refugees, mostly escaping across the Austrian border before it was sealed. Many of these exiles would later show up in the French Foreign Legion and U.S. Army Special Forces, the latter courtesy of the Lodge Act, where their native language skills, deep knowledge of Warsaw Pact geography, and tactical experience fighting Soviet armor were prized.

As for the Soviets after 1956, they kept as many as 100,000 troops and upwards of 27,000 vehicles in Hungary for the rest of the Cold War, typically two tank divisions, two motor rifle divisions, Spetsnaz units, an air army, and a long logistics train across some 100 garrisons. This included another 30,000–40,000 civilian family members and support staff. The message was clear: the Red Army wasn’t going anywhere.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the thawing of East-West relations, Moscow finally began withdrawing to its own borders, and 15 drawn-out months later, the last military transport train left Hungary on 16 June 1991.

Soviet Southern Group of Forces commander, Lt. Gen. Viktor Silov, crossed the border into Ukraine three days later, ending nearly 47 years of unwelcome military presence.

Mosin-Nagant, SKS, and M1 Garand Values in 2026

Not long ago, a Mosin-Nagant cost under $100. Today, a plain Soviet M91/30 sells for about $300 to $500.

SKS rifles and M1 Garands have climbed too. If you’re thinking of selling or trading in one of these, old price assumptions can cost you. 

Here’s how to tell what you’ve got and what it’s worth, so you don’t do that blind. We’ll also cover what else to know about these rifles before you sell.

Why Mosin, SKS, and Garand Prices Keep Climbing

One big reason is import restrictions. Chinese rifle imports stopped in 1994. The State Department also blocked new imports of Russian-made guns and ammo in 2021.

Surplus Garands have a different problem. The U.S. stopped making them for the military in the 1950s, leaving them frozen in time.

Today, the government sells its surplus Garands to civilians through the Civilian Marksmanship Program, or CMP.  In late 2025, the CMP said its stock of original receivers was nearly exhausted. It’s now restoring old drill rifles to stretch supply a few more years.

So the supply of all three rifles is either fixed or running down. If you own any of them, though, that’s good news for you.

What Milsurp Rifles Are Worth Now

The prices below are as of November 2026. They’re based on completed sales.

Prices move, so check recent sales before you put a number on anything. If you’d rather skip the legwork, a gun collection buyer like Cash for Arms can quote you directly. That works for one rifle or several. 

Mosin-Nagant Value

The M91/30 is the standard Soviet infantry Mosin. In decent shape, it sells for about $300 to $500. Expect a trade-in offer to come in lower. 

Two Mosin variants are worth noticeably more than others. Finnish-built M39s usually sell for about $700 and up, while genuine Soviet sniper rifles with their original PU scopes can top $1,000. Get these checked by a knowledgeable appraiser or expert before you price.

SKS Value

Where an SKS was made matters most for its price. Russian rifles generally get the highest values.

To tell them apart from others, check the top of the receiver cover. On most Russian rifles, it shows a star or a triangle with an arrow inside. Chinese rifles carry Chinese characters instead.

Chinese Norinco SKS rifles are the most common kind in the U.S., with over a million imported commercially. They usually sell for about $350 to $600.

A 22mm rifle grenade launcher on the muzzle means a Yugoslav M59/66. Those usually sell in the mid-$500s. Note that the earlier Yugoslav M59 has no launcher. 

Circa 1950s Russian SKS rifles often bring around $600 and up. Matching numbers push them higher still. That means the receiver’s serial also appears (stamped at the factory) on the cover, bolt, carrier, trigger guard, magazine, and stock. Numbers scratched on with an electric pencil came from a later rebuild, and collectors pay less for those. 

M1 Garand Value

Look at the rear of the receiver, called the heel. It shows the maker and the serial number. The maker in particular can make a big difference in the rifle’s value.

Most Garands were built by Springfield Armory. Those sell for around $1,475.

Winchester-made rifles sell for around $1,625 these days, and International Harvester rifles for around $1,850. H&R rifles sell for around $1,300.

The CMP itself sells rebuilt Garands for $1,150. Most Garands on the open market sell for more.

Note that a World War II date by itself doesn’t add much. Collectors are often more focused on the original, era-correct parts: rifles with those, in superb condition, can go over $3,000.

What Raises a Milsurp Rifle’s Value

Many surplus rifles were rebuilt at an arsenal, often more than once. The CMP says most M1s were rebuilt at least once.

So, mixed parts are normal, and the prices above already reflect them. Here’s what pushes a rifle higher.

  • Original matching numbers. Factory-stamped serials on every numbered part bring a premium.
  • Correct accessories. A period-correct bayonet, sling, or magazine adds value. Sell them with the rifle, not separately.
  • A good bore. A bright bore with sharp rifling matters to shooters and collectors alike.

What Cuts a Milsurp Rifle’s Value

On the other hand, the things below can bring down your rifle’s value.

  • Conversion to a hunting rifle. Cut-down stocks and shortened barrels take away much of the collector value.
  • Holes for a scope mount. Drilling the receiver to mount a scope cuts collector value sharply.
  • Refinishing. New bluing or a sanded stock usually lowers value.
  • Renumbered parts. Parts renumbered later to match the receiver are worth less than original matching ones.

What to Know Before You Sell a Milsurp Rifle

Every price in this article depends on details. Markings, matching numbers, and originality are what buyers pay for. When you sell, your job is to make sure they see them.

This means whoever buys or prices your rifle should know milsurp. To a buyer who doesn’t, an M39 is just another Mosin. You’ll never get what it’s really worth.

Then show them the proof. Photograph every marking, plus the serial on each numbered part. Buyers price milsurp from those details, so a vague “all matching” isn’t enough.

How you sell depends on what matters more: price, speed, or effort. Trading in at a shop is the quickest option, and it’s credit toward your next gun… but expect a lower number than the prices above.

Selling privately can bring more, but it’s the most work. You’ll photograph, list, vet buyers, and arrange the transfer yourself. An auction house can do it for you, for fees. Either way, you usually have a long wait ahead. 

Nearly all these rifles qualify as curios and relics or C&R, by the way. A buyer with a C&R license can receive one straight from another state. Get a copy of that license first, and check your state’s rules.

Or skip all of that. A buyer who knows milsurp, like Cash for Arms, can price your rifle from the photos you’ve taken. They’ll handle the transfer paperwork too. 

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